Scientists have now mapped the forces acting inside a proton, showing in unprecedented detail how quarks—the tiny particles within—respond when hit by high-energy photons. The international team ...

Force spectroscopy relies on the precise measurement of forces acting on a probe as it interacts with a sample. The key principles of force spectroscopy include: AFM-based force spectroscopy is the ...

Tissues and cells in the human body are subjected to a constant push and pull - strained by other cells, blood pressure and fluid flow, to name a few. The type and direction of the force on a cell ...